Veda.

 

The Vedas are the oldest and most sacred scriptures of ancient India, forming the foundation of Hindu philosophy, spirituality, and culture. The word “Veda” comes from the Sanskrit root “vid”, meaning knowledge or wisdom.

They are considered “apauruṣeya” (not of human origin) — that is, divine knowledge revealed to ancient sages (rishis) during deep meditation.

🕉️ The Four Vedas

There are four Vedas, each with its own focus and sections:

1. Rigveda (ऋग्वेद)

The oldest (around 1500–1200 BCE).

Contains hymns (suktas) praising various deities like Agni (fire), Indra (rain and thunder), Varuna (cosmic order), and others.

It is the foundation of Vedic religion and philosophy.

2. Yajurveda (यजुर्वेद)

A manual for rituals and sacrifices (yajnas).

Provides instructions for priests on how to perform ceremonies precisely.

Two main versions: Shukla (White) and Krishna (Black) Yajurveda.

3. Samaveda (सामवेद)

Consists mainly of chants and melodies.

The basis for Indian classical music (Sama-gana).

It sets Rigvedic hymns to music for ritual use.

4. Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेद)

Contains hymns, prayers, charms, and healing spells.

Focuses on everyday life, health, peace, and protection.

It shows the spiritual as well as practical side of Vedic life.

📚 Structure of Each Veda

Each Veda has four main parts:

1. Samhita – Hymns and mantras.

2. Brahmana – Ritual instructions and explanations.

3. Aranyaka – Philosophical discussions for forest dwellers (hermits).

4. Upanishad – Deep spiritual and metaphysical teachings; the essence of Vedic wisdom.

✨ Philosophical Essence

The Vedas teach that the universe is one divine reality (Brahman).

The individual soul (Atman) is of the same essence as Brahman.

Truth, Dharma (righteous living), and self-realization are central values.

🌍 Influence

The Vedas are the source of all later Hindu scriptures (like the Puranas, epics, and Upanishads).

They influenced yoga, Ayurveda (medicine), astrology, music, and Indian philosophy.